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Analog Front End (AFE)
What is an Analog Front End (AFE)?
An Analog Front End (AFE), which is abbreviated as AFE, or analog front-end controller, and abbreviated AFEC, is a package of analog signal conditioning circuitry that uses fragile analog amplifiers. To offer a reconfigurable and flexible electronics functional block required to interface a range of sensors to an antenna, an analog-to-digital converter, or, in some situations, to a microcontroller, operational amplifiers, filters, and occasionally application-specific integrated circuits are used.
Features and Benefits
The input clamp is followed by a sampling function. A correlated double sampler is used by AFEs and was created for use with charge-coupled devices. The CDC samples each pixel twice, once at the video level and once at the reset level, and a differential measurement is made between the two.
In commercial infrared imaging applications, contact image sensors and focal-plane arrays often produce a single-ended, ground-referenced signal and don't need a differential measurement. AFEs made for these sensors substitute a sample-hold amplifier for the CDS. The CDS or SHA includes a coarse black-level offset-correction stage.
What are the applications for the Analog Front End?
Even faster speeds are needed for applications like high-speed analysis and security. A 36 MHz AFE can process a 360-pixel CCD at 100 frames per second. High-resolution CCDs (one megapixel or larger) are necessary for multi-function digital cameras and camcorders, such as camcorders with still-shot capabilities and digital still cameras with video capabilities, in order to integrate the still-shot capability with the high-speed video capability. Some of the most commonly used applications are as follows:
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High Resolution
Historically, 10-bit intensity-signal resolution has been needed for consumer-grade camcorders and digital cameras. A higher due to processing technology to ensure minimal image integrity loss and additional image editing and manipulation.
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Noise and Nonlinearity
Since AFE noise directly impacts the imaging system's dynamic range, it must be kept to a minimum. A system's dynamic range is assessed by contrasting the highest signal that can be processed with the lowest signal that can be resolved.
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Pixel-rate gain Adjustment
It is not necessarily possible for a CCD pixel to discern between different hues. Color filters are separately applied to each pixel of a CCD array in a mosaic pattern to divide incoming light into a range of colors.
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