Grayhill Profile
Grayhill, a world-renowned brand established in 1943, has been committed to providing extremely high-quality human interface solutions for various applications. The company is proud to be the first to acquire ISO 9001 Certification. The company produces and provides sensitive human interface solutions that can make living easier, safer, and way more efficient. The superior-high-quality products created by Grayhill include pushbuttons, keypads, touch encoders, rotary switches, optical encoders, and joysticks, among other related products. The company is specialized in producing ergonomic panels and product shells that incorporate several interface technologies, such as motion sensing, display, and touch technology. Grayhill has a headquarters just outside of Chicago and several cutting-edge locations around the globe. With its vertical integration and engineering experience, the firm can produce both standard and bespoke goods swiftly and affordably. The company's products are accessible promptly or through a network of liberated stock-holding distributors and representatives worldwide.
Featured Products
42 & 44 Series Adjustable Stop Switches The 42 & 44 Series of Multi-Deck rotary switches from Grayhill are...
Grayhill 62A, V, D Series Optical Encoders The 62A, V, D Series of optical encoders from Grayhill are low cost and economical in size. This rang...
Series 76 SPST through-hole mounting Raised and Recessed, Rocker and Piano actuator styles Sealed base as standard Spring and ball contacts
56 Series Single Deck Rotary Switches The 56 Series of single deck rotary switches from Grayhill are rugged...
Grayhill 76 Series Through-Hole DIP Switches The 76 series of through-hole DIP switches from Grayhill are easy to install while being more conve...
T1 Series Multi-Touch Ring Encoder The T1 series ring encoders offer users three products in one package. Like normal ring encoders they are fir...
Grayhill 70 Series AC Interface Modules The 70 series interface modules come in various package sizes makin...
T1 Series Multi-Touch Ring Encoder The T1 series ring encoders offer users three products in one package. Like normal ring encoders they are fir...
56 Series Single Deck Rotary Switches The 56 Series of single deck rotary switches from Grayhill are rugged...
T1 Series Multi-Touch Ring Encoder The T1 series ring encoders offer users three products in one package. Like normal ring encoders they are fir...
Series 76 SPST through-hole mounting Raised and Recessed, Rocker and Piano actuator styles Sealed base as standard Spring and ball contacts
T1 Series Multi-Touch Ring Encoder The T1 series ring encoders offer users three products in one package. Like normal ring encoders they are fir...
Popular Categories For Grayhill
Categories For Grayhill
Popular Items
Popular items
T101-5C3-110-M1, Grayhill
T1 Series Multi-Touch Ring Encoder
The T1 series ring encoders offer users three products in one package. Like normal ring encoders they are first off an optical encoder but they also feature a multi-touch touchpad and a pushbutton making them far more versatile than most units on the market.
These units have a 50mm surface diameter that tracks multiple touch positions and feature Grayhills Instinct™ Gesture Recognition. This allows the user to do gestures such as move cursor, zoom, rotate, scroll and flick all by simply placing one or more fingers on the device as you would with a normal touchpad or touchscreen. Tracked touch point data is sent from the device via USB to a system utilizing the Instinct™ software for interpretation. The Instinct™ software is a set of tools that, along with Grayhill multi-touch components, is able to create a more intuitive human interface solution.
The units also feature a ring encoder which encircles the touchpad for mechanical control and a pushbutton for selection of the desired function. This means these units can eliminate the need for additional devices such as joysticks, touchpads and trackballs and it comes in a much smaller package.
Possible applications include:
Medical devices
Industrial/Robotic controls
Gaming machines
Features:
Grayhill Instinct™ Gesture Recognition
Three devices in one: Multi-Touch Touchpad, Optical Encoder and a Pushbutton
Impervious to cleaning solutions
Easy to integrate into any device
Rugged, scratch-resistant surfaces
Backlit illumination
Coloured highlight ring
Redundant quadrature encoder output
Redundant push button output
USB compatible HID device
Operating temperature: -10 to +60 °C
IP64 rated
Grayhill Encoders
Popular items
70-OAC5A, Grayhill
Grayhill 70 Series AC Interface Modules
The 70 series interface modules come in various package sizes making them an ideal option for a number of potential applications and circuits. These include Standard (70-), Mini (70M-), G5 (70G-) and OpenLine (70L-). The G5 and OpenLine modules are equipped with replaceable 5x20mm glass fuses, 5A for G5 and 3.15A for Open Line.
These units feature a built in status LEDs making monitoring much easier. They also offer transient protection and meet the requirements of IEEE472 (Surge Withstanding Capability Test).
Features:
SPST, Normally Open
Zero Crossing Turn-On
Optical isolation
OpenLine® and G5 modules provide replaceable 5x20 mm glass fuses
Built-in status LED
Manufacturers Lifetime Warranty
Standards
IEEE 472, UL, CSA, CE and TUV certified
Popular items
70G-ODC15, Grayhill
Grayhill 70 Series AC Interface Modules
The 70 series interface modules come in various package sizes making them an ideal option for a number of potential applications and circuits. These include Standard (70-), Mini (70M-), G5 (70G-) and OpenLine (70L-). The G5 and OpenLine modules are equipped with replaceable 5x20mm glass fuses, 5A for G5 and 3.15A for Open Line.
These units feature a built in status LEDs making monitoring much easier. They also offer transient protection and meet the requirements of IEEE472 (Surge Withstanding Capability Test).
Features:
SPST, Normally Open
Zero Crossing Turn-On
Optical isolation
OpenLine® and G5 modules provide replaceable 5x20 mm glass fuses
Built-in status LED
Manufacturers Lifetime Warranty
Standards
IEEE 472, UL, CSA, CE and TUV certified
Popular items
78B06T, Grayhill
Series 76 SPST through-hole mounting
Raised and Recessed, Rocker and Piano actuator styles
Sealed base as standard
Spring and ball contacts
Popular items
T101-5C0-110-M1, Grayhill
T1 Series Multi-Touch Ring Encoder
The T1 series ring encoders offer users three products in one package. Like normal ring encoders they are first off an optical encoder but they also feature a multi-touch touchpad and a pushbutton making them far more versatile than most units on the market.
These units have a 50mm surface diameter that tracks multiple touch positions and feature Grayhills Instinct™ Gesture Recognition. This allows the user to do gestures such as move cursor, zoom, rotate, scroll and flick all by simply placing one or more fingers on the device as you would with a normal touchpad or touchscreen. Tracked touch point data is sent from the device via USB to a system utilizing the Instinct™ software for interpretation. The Instinct™ software is a set of tools that, along with Grayhill multi-touch components, is able to create a more intuitive human interface solution.
The units also feature a ring encoder which encircles the touchpad for mechanical control and a pushbutton for selection of the desired function. This means these units can eliminate the need for additional devices such as joysticks, touchpads and trackballs and it comes in a much smaller package.
Possible applications include:
Medical devices
Industrial/Robotic controls
Gaming machines
Features:
Grayhill Instinct™ Gesture Recognition
Three devices in one: Multi-Touch Touchpad, Optical Encoder and a Pushbutton
Impervious to cleaning solutions
Easy to integrate into any device
Rugged, scratch-resistant surfaces
Backlit illumination
Coloured highlight ring
Redundant quadrature encoder output
Redundant push button output
USB compatible HID device
Operating temperature: -10 to +60 °C
IP64 rated
Grayhill Encoders
Popular items
70LRCK16-HL, Grayhill
Grayhill 70 Series AC Interface Modules
The 70 series interface modules come in various package sizes making them an ideal option for a number of potential applications and circuits. These include Standard (70-), Mini (70M-), G5 (70G-) and OpenLine (70L-). The G5 and OpenLine modules are equipped with replaceable 5x20mm glass fuses, 5A for G5 and 3.15A for Open Line.
These units feature a built in status LEDs making monitoring much easier. They also offer transient protection and meet the requirements of IEEE472 (Surge Withstanding Capability Test).
Features:
SPST, Normally Open
Zero Crossing Turn-On
Optical isolation
OpenLine® and G5 modules provide replaceable 5x20 mm glass fuses
Built-in status LED
Manufacturers Lifetime Warranty
Standards
IEEE 472, UL, CSA, CE and TUV certified
Popular items
70G-OAC5RLY, Grayhill
Grayhill 70 Series AC Interface Modules
The 70 series interface modules come in various package sizes making them an ideal option for a number of potential applications and circuits. These include Standard (70-), Mini (70M-), G5 (70G-) and OpenLine (70L-). The G5 and OpenLine modules are equipped with replaceable 5x20mm glass fuses, 5A for G5 and 3.15A for Open Line.
These units feature a built in status LEDs making monitoring much easier. They also offer transient protection and meet the requirements of IEEE472 (Surge Withstanding Capability Test).
Features:
SPST, Normally Open
Zero Crossing Turn-On
Optical isolation
OpenLine® and G5 modules provide replaceable 5x20 mm glass fuses
Built-in status LED
Manufacturers Lifetime Warranty
Standards
IEEE 472, UL, CSA, CE and TUV certified
Popular items
T101-5C0-111-L1, Grayhill
T1 Series Multi-Touch Ring Encoder
The T1 series ring encoders offer users three products in one package. Like normal ring encoders they are first off an optical encoder but they also feature a multi-touch touchpad and a pushbutton making them far more versatile than most units on the market.
These units have a 50mm surface diameter that tracks multiple touch positions and feature Grayhills Instinct™ Gesture Recognition. This allows the user to do gestures such as move cursor, zoom, rotate, scroll and flick all by simply placing one or more fingers on the device as you would with a normal touchpad or touchscreen. Tracked touch point data is sent from the device via USB to a system utilizing the Instinct™ software for interpretation. The Instinct™ software is a set of tools that, along with Grayhill multi-touch components, is able to create a more intuitive human interface solution.
The units also feature a ring encoder which encircles the touchpad for mechanical control and a pushbutton for selection of the desired function. This means these units can eliminate the need for additional devices such as joysticks, touchpads and trackballs and it comes in a much smaller package.
Possible applications include:
Medical devices
Industrial/Robotic controls
Gaming machines
Features:
Grayhill Instinct™ Gesture Recognition
Three devices in one: Multi-Touch Touchpad, Optical Encoder and a Pushbutton
Impervious to cleaning solutions
Easy to integrate into any device
Rugged, scratch-resistant surfaces
Backlit illumination
Coloured highlight ring
Redundant quadrature encoder output
Redundant push button output
USB compatible HID device
Operating temperature: -10 to +60 °C
IP64 rated
Grayhill Encoders
Popular items
88BB2-072, Grayhill
Grayhill 88 Series Key Pads
Membrane style keypads with metal dome actuation for superior tactile feel. They have a matrix out-put and are sealed to IP67. The legendable versions are ideal for prototypes or small production runs, allowing the customer to select a custom layout and a professional appearance.
Sealed to IP67
Selection of colours
Audible, snap-dome contact
Legendable versions for custom configuration
Front or rear mounting gasket
Matrix output
Contact Rating
10mA @ 24Vdc
Contact Resistance
10Ω max.
Voltage Breakdown
250Vac between mutually insulated parts
Life Expectancy
3000000 operations per button
Contact Bounce
Operating Temperature Range
-40°C to +80°C
Button Travel
0.015" (0.38mm) nominal total travel
Typical Operating force
350gms
Housing
Black ABS polycarbonate
Graphic Overlay
Polyester
Contact Dome
Stainless steel, selectively gold-plated
Terminals
Copper alloy, CDA No. 725. Tin lead plated
Popular items
T101-5C4-110-L1, Grayhill
T1 Series Multi-Touch Ring Encoder
The T1 series ring encoders offer users three products in one package. Like normal ring encoders they are first off an optical encoder but they also feature a multi-touch touchpad and a pushbutton making them far more versatile than most units on the market.
These units have a 50mm surface diameter that tracks multiple touch positions and feature Grayhills Instinct™ Gesture Recognition. This allows the user to do gestures such as move cursor, zoom, rotate, scroll and flick all by simply placing one or more fingers on the device as you would with a normal touchpad or touchscreen. Tracked touch point data is sent from the device via USB to a system utilizing the Instinct™ software for interpretation. The Instinct™ software is a set of tools that, along with Grayhill multi-touch components, is able to create a more intuitive human interface solution.
The units also feature a ring encoder which encircles the touchpad for mechanical control and a pushbutton for selection of the desired function. This means these units can eliminate the need for additional devices such as joysticks, touchpads and trackballs and it comes in a much smaller package.
Possible applications include:
Medical devices
Industrial/Robotic controls
Gaming machines
Features:
Grayhill Instinct™ Gesture Recognition
Three devices in one: Multi-Touch Touchpad, Optical Encoder and a Pushbutton
Impervious to cleaning solutions
Easy to integrate into any device
Rugged, scratch-resistant surfaces
Backlit illumination
Coloured highlight ring
Redundant quadrature encoder output
Redundant push button output
USB compatible HID device
Operating temperature: -10 to +60 °C
IP64 rated
Grayhill Encoders
Popular items
T101-5C3-111-L1, Grayhill
T1 Series Multi-Touch Ring Encoder
The T1 series ring encoders offer users three products in one package. Like normal ring encoders they are first off an optical encoder but they also feature a multi-touch touchpad and a pushbutton making them far more versatile than most units on the market.
These units have a 50mm surface diameter that tracks multiple touch positions and feature Grayhills Instinct™ Gesture Recognition. This allows the user to do gestures such as move cursor, zoom, rotate, scroll and flick all by simply placing one or more fingers on the device as you would with a normal touchpad or touchscreen. Tracked touch point data is sent from the device via USB to a system utilizing the Instinct™ software for interpretation. The Instinct™ software is a set of tools that, along with Grayhill multi-touch components, is able to create a more intuitive human interface solution.
The units also feature a ring encoder which encircles the touchpad for mechanical control and a pushbutton for selection of the desired function. This means these units can eliminate the need for additional devices such as joysticks, touchpads and trackballs and it comes in a much smaller package.
Possible applications include:
Medical devices
Industrial/Robotic controls
Gaming machines
Features:
Grayhill Instinct™ Gesture Recognition
Three devices in one: Multi-Touch Touchpad, Optical Encoder and a Pushbutton
Impervious to cleaning solutions
Easy to integrate into any device
Rugged, scratch-resistant surfaces
Backlit illumination
Coloured highlight ring
Redundant quadrature encoder output
Redundant push button output
USB compatible HID device
Operating temperature: -10 to +60 °C
IP64 rated
Grayhill Encoders
Popular items
44D30-01-2-AJN, Grayhill
42 & 44 Series Adjustable Stop Switches
The 42 & 44 Series of Multi-Deck rotary switches from Grayhill are rugged in design to ensure switch operation for the lifetime of your equipment. The Grayhill 42 & 44 series rotary switches have a variety of circuit options available.
Features:
Enclosed rotary switches with adjustable stops
Capable of switching 1 Amp
1 to 6 poles per deck
1 to 10 Deck Versions Available
The easily inserted stop pins allows selection of positions
Military Qualified Versions Available
Shorting or Non-Shorting Options
New Items
New items
44D30-01-2-AJN, Grayhill
42 & 44 Series Adjustable Stop Switches
The 42 & 44 Series of Multi-Deck rotary switches from Grayhill are rugged in design to ensure switch operation for the lifetime of your equipment. The Grayhill 42 & 44 series rotary switches have a variety of circuit options available.
Features:
Enclosed rotary switches with adjustable stops
Capable of switching 1 Amp
1 to 6 poles per deck
1 to 10 Deck Versions Available
The easily inserted stop pins allows selection of positions
Military Qualified Versions Available
Shorting or Non-Shorting Options
New items
62A22-02-060C, Grayhill
Grayhill 62A, V, D Series Optical Encoders
The 62A, V, D Series of optical encoders from Grayhill are low cost and economical in size. This range of encoders are suitable for use in applications such as global positioning systems, driver information systems and medical equipment.
Features:
3.3Vdc or 5Vdc Versions
Available with 12,16, 20, 24 and 32 Detent Positions
Optically Coupled for More than a Million Cycles
Optional Integral Pushbutton
Compatible with CMOS, TTL and HCMOS Logic Levels
Choice of Cable Lengths and Terminations
Note
Pushbutton Options: 01 = w/o Pushbutton, 02 = with Pushbutton
Series Style: A = 5.0 Vdc Input, D = High Torque w/5.0 Vdc Input, V = 3.3 Vdc Input
New items
76SB06T, Grayhill
Series 76 SPST through-hole mounting
Raised and Recessed, Rocker and Piano actuator styles
Sealed base as standard
Spring and ball contacts
New items
56SDP36-01-2-AJS, Grayhill
56 Series Single Deck Rotary Switches
The 56 Series of single deck rotary switches from Grayhill are rugged in design to ensure switch operation for the lifetime of your equipment. The Grayhill 56 series of rotary switch have a variety of circuit options available.
Features:
Requires Minimum Distance Behind the Panel
Shorting and Non-shorting Contacts Available
Available with Solder Lug or PC Mount Terminals
Capable of Switching 200mA
1 to 4 Pole Versions Available
New items
76PSB10ST, Grayhill
Grayhill 76 Series Through-Hole DIP Switches
The 76 series of through-hole DIP switches from Grayhill are easy to install while being more convenient to use than pin headers and jumper blocks.
This series of SPST DIP switches are available in rocker, PIANO-DIP and raised & recessed styles.
Features:
Spring & Ball Contact
Sealed Base as Standard
Optional Top Tape Seal
2 to 12 Position Versions Available
Note
To order top seal versions add "S" to the Grayhill part number
New items
T101-5C3-110-M1, Grayhill
T1 Series Multi-Touch Ring Encoder
The T1 series ring encoders offer users three products in one package. Like normal ring encoders they are first off an optical encoder but they also feature a multi-touch touchpad and a pushbutton making them far more versatile than most units on the market.
These units have a 50mm surface diameter that tracks multiple touch positions and feature Grayhills Instinct™ Gesture Recognition. This allows the user to do gestures such as move cursor, zoom, rotate, scroll and flick all by simply placing one or more fingers on the device as you would with a normal touchpad or touchscreen. Tracked touch point data is sent from the device via USB to a system utilizing the Instinct™ software for interpretation. The Instinct™ software is a set of tools that, along with Grayhill multi-touch components, is able to create a more intuitive human interface solution.
The units also feature a ring encoder which encircles the touchpad for mechanical control and a pushbutton for selection of the desired function. This means these units can eliminate the need for additional devices such as joysticks, touchpads and trackballs and it comes in a much smaller package.
Possible applications include:
Medical devices
Industrial/Robotic controls
Gaming machines
Features:
Grayhill Instinct™ Gesture Recognition
Three devices in one: Multi-Touch Touchpad, Optical Encoder and a Pushbutton
Impervious to cleaning solutions
Easy to integrate into any device
Rugged, scratch-resistant surfaces
Backlit illumination
Coloured highlight ring
Redundant quadrature encoder output
Redundant push button output
USB compatible HID device
Operating temperature: -10 to +60 °C
IP64 rated
Grayhill Encoders
New items
70-OAC5A, Grayhill
Grayhill 70 Series AC Interface Modules
The 70 series interface modules come in various package sizes making them an ideal option for a number of potential applications and circuits. These include Standard (70-), Mini (70M-), G5 (70G-) and OpenLine (70L-). The G5 and OpenLine modules are equipped with replaceable 5x20mm glass fuses, 5A for G5 and 3.15A for Open Line.
These units feature a built in status LEDs making monitoring much easier. They also offer transient protection and meet the requirements of IEEE472 (Surge Withstanding Capability Test).
Features:
SPST, Normally Open
Zero Crossing Turn-On
Optical isolation
OpenLine® and G5 modules provide replaceable 5x20 mm glass fuses
Built-in status LED
Manufacturers Lifetime Warranty
Standards
IEEE 472, UL, CSA, CE and TUV certified
New items
T101-5C4-110-L1, Grayhill
T1 Series Multi-Touch Ring Encoder
The T1 series ring encoders offer users three products in one package. Like normal ring encoders they are first off an optical encoder but they also feature a multi-touch touchpad and a pushbutton making them far more versatile than most units on the market.
These units have a 50mm surface diameter that tracks multiple touch positions and feature Grayhills Instinct™ Gesture Recognition. This allows the user to do gestures such as move cursor, zoom, rotate, scroll and flick all by simply placing one or more fingers on the device as you would with a normal touchpad or touchscreen. Tracked touch point data is sent from the device via USB to a system utilizing the Instinct™ software for interpretation. The Instinct™ software is a set of tools that, along with Grayhill multi-touch components, is able to create a more intuitive human interface solution.
The units also feature a ring encoder which encircles the touchpad for mechanical control and a pushbutton for selection of the desired function. This means these units can eliminate the need for additional devices such as joysticks, touchpads and trackballs and it comes in a much smaller package.
Possible applications include:
Medical devices
Industrial/Robotic controls
Gaming machines
Features:
Grayhill Instinct™ Gesture Recognition
Three devices in one: Multi-Touch Touchpad, Optical Encoder and a Pushbutton
Impervious to cleaning solutions
Easy to integrate into any device
Rugged, scratch-resistant surfaces
Backlit illumination
Coloured highlight ring
Redundant quadrature encoder output
Redundant push button output
USB compatible HID device
Operating temperature: -10 to +60 °C
IP64 rated
Grayhill Encoders
New items
56SDP36-01-2-AJN, Grayhill
56 Series Single Deck Rotary Switches
The 56 Series of single deck rotary switches from Grayhill are rugged in design to ensure switch operation for the lifetime of your equipment. The Grayhill 56 series of rotary switch have a variety of circuit options available.
Features:
Requires Minimum Distance Behind the Panel
Shorting and Non-shorting Contacts Available
Available with Solder Lug or PC Mount Terminals
Capable of Switching 200mA
1 to 4 Pole Versions Available
New items
T101-5C3-111-L1, Grayhill
T1 Series Multi-Touch Ring Encoder
The T1 series ring encoders offer users three products in one package. Like normal ring encoders they are first off an optical encoder but they also feature a multi-touch touchpad and a pushbutton making them far more versatile than most units on the market.
These units have a 50mm surface diameter that tracks multiple touch positions and feature Grayhills Instinct™ Gesture Recognition. This allows the user to do gestures such as move cursor, zoom, rotate, scroll and flick all by simply placing one or more fingers on the device as you would with a normal touchpad or touchscreen. Tracked touch point data is sent from the device via USB to a system utilizing the Instinct™ software for interpretation. The Instinct™ software is a set of tools that, along with Grayhill multi-touch components, is able to create a more intuitive human interface solution.
The units also feature a ring encoder which encircles the touchpad for mechanical control and a pushbutton for selection of the desired function. This means these units can eliminate the need for additional devices such as joysticks, touchpads and trackballs and it comes in a much smaller package.
Possible applications include:
Medical devices
Industrial/Robotic controls
Gaming machines
Features:
Grayhill Instinct™ Gesture Recognition
Three devices in one: Multi-Touch Touchpad, Optical Encoder and a Pushbutton
Impervious to cleaning solutions
Easy to integrate into any device
Rugged, scratch-resistant surfaces
Backlit illumination
Coloured highlight ring
Redundant quadrature encoder output
Redundant push button output
USB compatible HID device
Operating temperature: -10 to +60 °C
IP64 rated
Grayhill Encoders
New items
78B06T, Grayhill
Series 76 SPST through-hole mounting
Raised and Recessed, Rocker and Piano actuator styles
Sealed base as standard
Spring and ball contacts
New items
T101-5C2-110-L1, Grayhill
T1 Series Multi-Touch Ring Encoder
The T1 series ring encoders offer users three products in one package. Like normal ring encoders they are first off an optical encoder but they also feature a multi-touch touchpad and a pushbutton making them far more versatile than most units on the market.
These units have a 50mm surface diameter that tracks multiple touch positions and feature Grayhills Instinct™ Gesture Recognition. This allows the user to do gestures such as move cursor, zoom, rotate, scroll and flick all by simply placing one or more fingers on the device as you would with a normal touchpad or touchscreen. Tracked touch point data is sent from the device via USB to a system utilizing the Instinct™ software for interpretation. The Instinct™ software is a set of tools that, along with Grayhill multi-touch components, is able to create a more intuitive human interface solution.
The units also feature a ring encoder which encircles the touchpad for mechanical control and a pushbutton for selection of the desired function. This means these units can eliminate the need for additional devices such as joysticks, touchpads and trackballs and it comes in a much smaller package.
Possible applications include:
Medical devices
Industrial/Robotic controls
Gaming machines
Features:
Grayhill Instinct™ Gesture Recognition
Three devices in one: Multi-Touch Touchpad, Optical Encoder and a Pushbutton
Impervious to cleaning solutions
Easy to integrate into any device
Rugged, scratch-resistant surfaces
Backlit illumination
Coloured highlight ring
Redundant quadrature encoder output
Redundant push button output
USB compatible HID device
Operating temperature: -10 to +60 °C
IP64 rated
Grayhill Encoders
Don’t hesitate to ask questions for better clarification.